What GNSS error source is attributed to signal delays in the atmosphere?

Atmospheric interference is a significant source of error in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) caused by signal delays as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere. The two main components of the atmosphere that contribute to this interference are the ionosphere and the troposphere.

As GNSS signals travel from satellites to receivers, they can be refracted and delayed by the ionosphere, which contains charged particles affecting radio waves, and the troposphere, where humidity and temperature variations can lead to additional delays. These atmospheric conditions can introduce variations in the speed of the GNSS signals, resulting in inaccuracies in position calculations.

This error source is particularly critical because it can affect the precision of navigation and timing services provided by GNSS systems, especially in challenging atmospheric conditions such as heavy rain or storms. Understanding atmospheric interference is essential for improving GNSS accuracy and reliability.